An Introduction to Mutual Funds
What are Mutual Funds?
A mutual fund is a pooled investment vehicle that brings together funds from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. This collective investment approach allows individuals to access a diversified portfolio managed by professional fund managers, even with relatively small amounts of money.
Key Components of Mutual Funds:
- Net Asset Value (NAV): The NAV represents the per-share market value of a mutual fund’s assets minus its liabilities. It is calculated at the end of each trading day and is the price at which investors buy or sell mutual fund shares.
- Fund Manager: Mutual funds are managed by professional fund managers or management teams responsible for making investment decisions. Their expertise helps in creating and managing a diversified portfolio to achieve the fund’s objectives.
- Investment Objective: Each mutual fund has a specific investment objective, whether it’s capital appreciation, income generation, or a combination of both. Investors choose funds based on their financial goals and risk tolerance.
Types of Mutual Funds:
- Equity Funds: Invest primarily in stocks, aiming for capital appreciation. They can focus on specific sectors, market caps, or follow a diversified approach.
- Bond Funds: Invest in a variety of fixed-income securities, such as government or corporate bonds, with the goal of generating income.
- Money Market Funds: Invest in short-term, low-risk securities like Treasury bills and commercial paper, offering stability and liquidity.
- Index Funds: Track a specific market index, providing investors with broad market exposure and low expense ratios.
Advantages of mutual funds:
- Diversification: Mutual funds spread investments across various assets, reducing the impact of poor performance in any single security.
- Professional Management: Skilled fund managers make investment decisions, leveraging their expertise to navigate the financial markets.
- Liquidity: Investors can buy or sell mutual fund shares on any business day, providing liquidity compared to some other investment options.
- Accessibility: Mutual funds allow investors with varying levels of capital to participate in the financial markets.
- Regulation and Transparency: Mutual funds are regulated by financial authorities, ensuring transparency and protection for investors.
Risks Associated with Mutual Funds:
Market Risk: Explanation: The value of the fund’s securities may fluctuate due to market conditions, affecting the overall fund value. Considerations: Investors should be prepared for market volatility and potential short-term losses.
Credit Risk: Explanation: For bond funds, there’s the risk that issuers may default on their payments, impacting the fund’s performance. Considerations: Assess the credit quality of the bonds in the fund and consider the economic environment.
Interest Rate Risk: Explanation: Changes in interest rates can impact bond prices and, consequently, the value of bond funds.
Liquidity Risk: If a fund holds illiquid securities, selling them during market stress may be challenging, impacting the fund’s ability to meet redemption requests.Assess the fund’s liquidity and redemption policies before investing.
Investment Goals and Risk Tolerance: Determine your financial goals and assess your risk tolerance before investing in mutual funds.
Expense Ratios and Fees: Understand the fund’s expense ratio and fees, as high costs can erode returns over time.
Performance History: Review the fund’s historical performance, considering both short-term and long-term results.
Diversification within a Portfolio: Avoid over-concentration in a particular sector or asset class by diversifying your overall investment portfolio.
Regular Monitoring: Periodically review your mutual fund holdings to ensure they align with your investment objectives.Review the fund’s historical performance, considering both short-term and long-term results.
Diversification within a Portfolio: Avoid over-concentration in a particular sector or asset class by diversifying your overall investment portfolio.
Regular Monitoring: Periodically review your mutual fund holdings to ensure they align with your investment objectives.
Begin with any sum (500 is a minimum amount). Invest in a variety of equities as well as debt, gold, and other assets. Begin investing automatically each month (SIP)Mutual funds offer a convenient and accessible way for investors to participate in the financial markets with professional management and diversification. Understanding the fundamentals, types, and risks associated with mutual funds is essential for making informed investment decisions aligned with individual financial goals. As with any investment, careful research and consideration are key to achieving long-term success.
Learning the Jargon
Here is a list of commonly used terms when talking about mutual funds. You can use this as a glossary to look for any time you want to learn.
| Term | Description |
| 1.80C | Section under Income Tax Act that defines exemptions for income tax. |
| 2.AMC | Short form for https://groww.in/mutual-funds/amc/ – the company that runs a mutual fund. Examples are HDFC Mutual Fund and ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund. |
| 3.Annualized Returns | Returns you would make if investments were made for one year. If you invest for less than a year or more than a year, they are aggregated to one year. |
| 4.Arbitrage funds | Arbitrage Funds are particular types of mutual funds that invest in equity securities but at the same time take an equal and opposite position in derivatives of these equity securities. As a result, these funds effectively give returns similar to liquid funds, and risk is also identical. Also, these funds are taxed like equity funds, hence have Zero tax post one year. |
| 5.Asset allocation funds | Process of allocating your funds across different assets. Assets are things like equity, debt, or gold. We can further classify an asset like equity into large cap, mid cap, or small cap. |
| 6.AUM | Short form for Asset Under Management. The total fund a mutual fund scheme holds for investments. |
| 7.Average Maturity | Weighted Average of maturity (years between today and the final payment date of debt security, at which point the principal is due to be paid) of all debt securities held by the fund. |
| 8.balanced funds | Balanced Funds, also known as https://groww.in/p/hybrid-funds/ – Equity oriented invest in a mix of debt and equity. |
| 9.benchmark | Something you can compare your returns against. Typical benchmarks are Sensex and Nifty. But then there are many of them depending on the fund you consider. |
| 10.Brokerage | The fees you pay to your broker for letting you buy and sell your investments. |
| 11.Credit Rating | Independent rating agencies rate all debt issued by companies or governments based on the capacity to pay back. For example, AAA-rated debt is good. BB is not good. |
| 12.Crisil | Crisil is a rating agency that rates mutual funds and company debts. |
| 13.debt funds | Debt funds are mutual funds investing in debt instruments. |
| 14.Direct Funds | Type of funds you do not buy from distributors. They are purchased directly from AMCs. |
| 15.dividend schemes | Mutual fund schemes provide regular dividends to their investors instead of putting the profits back into equity or debt. |
| 16.ELSS | Short for Equity Linked Savings Scheme. Also known as tax-saving funds – special mutual funds are exempt from tax under section 80C. |
| 17.Equity mutual funds | Equity means the stock of a company. Buying equities is the same as buying stocks of a company. Equity Mutual Funds invest in stocks of publicly listed companies. |
| 18.ETF | Short form forhttps://groww.in/p/exchange-traded-funds/. ETFs are like mutual funds but traded onhttps://groww.in/p/stock-exchange/,; people can buy or sell them like stocks. |
| 19.Exit Load | Exit load can be applied to specific schemes when selling a mutual fund. It can be as high as 1% for some projects. |
| 20.Expense Ratio | Expressed as a percentage of your investment, this is the money you pay each year to the fund house for managing your money. |
| 21.Face Value | Notional value of any security on which dividend, share capital, etc., are calculated. Not very important to make investment decisions |
| 22.Fund Manager | Fund manager is a person who decides where to invest your money in the mutual fund. Therefore, the performance of a mutual fund largely depends on its fund Manager. |
| 23.fund of funds | A fund that invests in a portfolio of other funds. Also known as multi-manager investment. Most global mutual funds are Fund ofhttps://groww.in/p/international-mutual-funds/. |
| 24.gilt funds | Gilt Funds are mutual funds that invest only in government bonds (debt). Therefore, they are suitable for risk-averse and conservative investors who wish to invest indirectly in secure government bonds. |
| 25.Gold Funds | Gold Funds are mutual funds that invest in various forms of gold. For example, it can be in the form of physical gold or stocks of gold mining companies. |
| 26.Growth Plan | A growth plan means that any dividend the stocks may pay in the mutual fund will be reinvested for further growth. |
| 27.Holdings | Holdings are the contents of an investment portfolio held by a mutual fund |
| 28.index fund | An index fund is a type of mutual fund with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a market index. |
| 29.Investment Objective | This is the objective stated by the AMC for this mutual fund. AMC will operate this mutual fund in this manner only. But most of these objectives are very vague and hence don’t tell you much about the intent of the AMC. |
| 30.KYC | Know Your Customer is a mandatory requirement by SEBI for declaring identity and address proof for investing |
| 31.large cap funds | Large Cap is a category of equity fund that invests mainly in companies with a large market capitalization of ~ 20,000 Cr or more. |
| 32.Launch Date | It’s the date on which a Mutual Fund is launched throughhttps://groww.in/p/nfo/. |
| 33.liquid funds | Liquid funds are such Mutual Funds that invest in money markets (FD etc.) with very short maturity and high credibility. Therefore these are almost zero-risk Mutual Funds. |
| 34.Lock-in Period | This is the period from the date or investment for which the asset cannot be withdrawn. For example, tax-saving Mutual Funds have a lock-in of 3 years. |
| 35.Long Term | A horizon of 5 years plus is considered long-term in most of the discussions. |
| 36.Market cap | Market capitalization is the market value of a publicly traded company. It can be calculated by multiplying the number of shares by the current price. |
| 37.Mean Returns | Mean returns are the arithmetic Average of the returns earned by a fund over some time. It is also known as the expected returns of the Mutual Fund. |
| 38.mid-cap funds | Mid Cap is a category of an equity fund that invests mainly in mid-sized companies with a market capitalization of 5,000 Cr to 20,000 Cr. |
| 39.Min Additional Investment | Min additional investment, as the name suggests, is the minimum amount of money you can invest if you already have an investment in the fund. |
| 40.Min Investment | Min Investment is the minimum lump sum investment the fund accepts as a first-time investment. |
| 41.money market fund | The money market is the part of the financial market where highly liquid and concise term maturities are traded. |
| 42.NAV | Net Asset Value. It is the value per share of a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund (ETF) on a specific date or time. |
| 43.NFO | New Fund Offer. A new fund offer occurs when a mutual fund is launched, allowing the firm to raise capital for purchasing securities. Investors may purchase units of a closed-end mutual fund in an NFO. |
| 44.Nifty | Nifty is a primary stock index in India introduced by the https://groww.in/p/national-stock-exchange/. The value of Nifty is the weighted Average of the importance of 50 selected stocks. |
| 45.Nominee | The nominee is the person who receives the benefit in case of the death of the concerned person. |
| 46.PAN | A permanent Account Number is a ten-character alpha-numeric code issued by the Income Tax department. PAN is mandatory for doing any financial transactions in India. |
| 47.Portfolio | For an individual, a portfolio is a collection of financial investments held by the person. For a Mutual Fund, a portfolio is the fund’s current holdings in various financial securities. |
| 48.PSU | Public Sector Undertaking is state or union government-owned corporates. |
| 49.Rating | Rating is the score given to a product after careful evaluation or assessment of securities based on multiple factors. |
| 50.Redeem | Redeem means withdrawing the invested money by selling the mutual funds |
| 51.Redemption | A redemption is an act of withdrawing invested money in a mutual fund |
| 52.Regular Funds | Regular funds are funds bought through an intermediary like an advisor, broker, or distributor. |
| 53.Returns | Return is a profit or loss on an investment. It is the change in value/principal amount. |
| 54.Risk | Risk typically means uncertainty in investment. It is the deviation from the standard or the expected value. |
| 55.Risk-Free Rate | A risk-free rate is a theoretical rate of return on an investment with no risk. We can use SBI 3-month FD rate as a proxy for the risk-free rate. |
| 56.RTA | Registrar and Transfer Agent is an agency appointed by a mutual fund to handle the allocation/ redemption of mutual fund units. |
| 57.Sector Allocation | Split of holding of mutual funds in various sectors like Financial Services, IT, etc. |
| 58.Sector funds | A fund that invests only in businesses that operate in a particular sector or industry. Because the funds belong to the same sector, such funds are not diversified. |
| 59.Sensex | It is an indication of an overall stock market. It is essentially a figure which indicates the relative price of 30 companies weighted on free-float market capitalization. The base year of Sensex is FY 1979, and the base value of 100 |
| 60.Sharpe Ratio | It’s defined as Mean Returns earned more than the risk-free rate per unit of risk (Std Dev). So it’s a measure of risk-adjusted returns. Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe developed it. |
| 61.Short Term | Short-term is less than 12 months. |
| 62.SID | A scheme Information Document (SID) provides all information about a mutual fund. It’s generally a 50+ page document explaining everything. In some cases, mutual fund issue a combined SID for a whole category. |
| 63.SIP | Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is a way of regularly investing money in mutual funds. The most famous frequency is monthly. |
| 64.SIP Minimum | This is the minimum investment amount you need to invest every month (SIP) in this mutual fund. Mutual funds decide this. |
| 65.Small cap funds | Small cap is a category of companies with a market cap less than Rs. 3,000 Cr. Mutual funds primarily investing in small-cap companies are categorized as Small Cap Funds. |
| 66.Standard Deviation | Standard Deviation (represented by the Greek letter sigma σ) is a measure used to quantify the amount of variation of returns from mean returns. |
| 67.STP | A systematic Transfer Plan (STP) is a combination of a Systematic Withdrawl Plan (SWP) and a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP). This money is redeemed regularly from one fund invested in another at the same time. It only works in the same AMC funds. |
| 68.SWP | A systematic Withdrawl Plan is the opposite of a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP). In this, money is redeemed from a fund at regular intervals. |
| 69.Ultra-short term funds | Ultra Short Term is a type of Debt Mutual Fund that invests in debt securities with an Average Maturity of less than one year. |
| 70.UTR | Unique Transaction Reference (UTR) No. It is provided by the bank when you do an NEFT or RTGS transaction. |
| 71.XIRR | XIRR is a modified form IRR (Internal Rate of Return) that help calculate overall returns when the number of transaction (Invest or Redeem) is more than two and at irregular intervals. Therefore, the only way to measure the returns if you are doing a SIP or multiple transactions in a single fund is XIRR. |
| 72.Suspended Fund | Mutual Funds that stop taking new investments via SIP orhttps://groww.in/p/lump-sum/ are considered Suspended Funds, like DSP BR Micro Cap. |
| 73.Units | Units specify the extent of ownership one possesses in a mutual fund |
| 74.Folio | Folio is a grouping of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, etc. |
| 75.YTM | Average interest rate to be earned by an investor at today’s market price, assuming that all debt securities (bond, loan, etc.) will be held until maturity |
| 76.Modified Duration | It is the sensitivity of debt securities to the interest rate. For example, if the Modified Duration is one and the interest rate increases by 1%, the value of the debt securities will reduce by 1%. |
| 77.IFSC Code | Short for Indian Financial Code System used to identify the particular branch of a bank for electronic funds settlement in India like NEFT and RTGS |
| 78.Biller | Biller is someone or something that processes bills and payments |
| 79.ISIP | Internet-based Systematic Investment Plan(SIP), which is an entirely paperless way of setting up a SIP |
| 80.Stocks | Stocks are ownership certificates of any company |
| 81.Shares | Shares are the stock certificates of any company |
| 82.Bonds | It is a debt instrument in which the investor lends some money to an entity that borrows the funds for a defined period at a variable or fixed interest rate. |
| 83.open-ended funds | A type of mutual fund that does not have a limitation on the number of shares that it can issue |
| 84.closed-ended funds | It is like a mutual fund that raises a fixed amount of capital through an initial public offering and is traded like a stock on the stock exchange. |
| 85.Global Funds | A type of mutual fund invests in companies located anywhere in the world. |
| 86.Min Withdrawl | The required minimum distribution is the minimum amount that should be withdrawn from your account annually. |
| 87.KIM | Short for Key Information Memorandum, which is another form of scheme information document, for the investors by mentioning the critical sections of the offer document |
| 88.Indexation | It is a technique to adjust income payments using a price index, which is used to maintain the purchasing power of investors after inflation. |
| 89.https://groww.in/p/income-funds/ | Income funds are mutual funds, ETFs, or any other type used to generate income for shareholders by investing in securities that offer dividends or interest payments. |
| 90.Government Securities | It is a bond issued by the government authority, with repayment upon maturity. |
| 91.Securities | Security is a financial instrument that represents some monetary value |
| 92.Floating Rate | A floating rate is an interest rate that shifts up and down along the rest of the market or is based on an index. |
| 93.Equity Schemes | A mutual fund that invests mainly in stocks is called an equity scheme/funds |
| 94.AMFI | The Association of Mutual Funds in India is an industry standards organization. |
| 95.SEBI | The Securities and Exchange Board of India is the regulator of the securities market in India. |
